1. Comparison of Cervical Flexion in Shop Assistants and
Data Input VDT Operators - Parsons, C.; Thompson, D.;
Proceedings of the Ergonomic Society's 1990 Annual Conference,
Leeds England; 299-303 "The aim of this study was to obtain a
quantitative comparison of the neck posture and range of neck
movements during normal work of shop assistants and data input VDT
operators. 24 subjects were monitored throughout the working day
using electrogoniometers and datalogger recording system"
2. Continuous Measurement of Lumbar Posture Using Flexible
Electrogoniometers - Boocock, M.; Jackson, J.; Burton, A.;
Tillotson, K.; 1991 "A field based study, involving 4 garage
mechanics, was undertaken to examine the usability and
acceptability of the electrogoniometer technique for continuous
measurements. Lumbar curvature was monitored continuously for a
two hour period during the course of the mechanics' working day.
The technique has the potential to provide quantitative
information on lumbar posture necessary for non-invasive,
biomechanical investigations of spinal loading, and will be
particularly useful for both sporting and occupational ergonomics
field studies"
3. Flexible Goniometer Computer System for the Assessment of
Hip Function - The Clinical Biomechanics Award 1988; Rowe, P.,
MSc; Nicol, A., PhD; Kelly, I., MD, FRCS; Clinical Biomechanics
1989, 4: 68-72 " Flexible electrogoniometers were used to
record the motion of both hips and knees in total hip replacement
patients. Four flexible electrogoniometers are used to measure the
flexion-extension angles of both hips and both knees. The
electrogoniometer system has proved capable of quantifying the
functional status of hip replacement patients simply and
economically within the clinical environment."
4. Ambulatory Monitoring of the Pressures Beneath
Compression Bandages - Sockalingham, S.; Barbenel, J.; Queen,
D,; CARE Science and Practice, Vol.8 , No. 2; 75-79 "An
integrated study on the performance of bandages which related
pressures generated by the bandages to mechanical laboratory tests
has highlighted the influence of posture on the interface
pressures generated by these devices. The continuous ambulatory
pressure monitoring system consisted of three elements, the
pressure sensing device, a goniometer to determine the position of
the leg, and the Datalogger for recording the out put of the
measuring devices. The goniometer allowed the stand/sit/lie
sequence to be identified relatively easily. The effect of posture
was also seen in the long-term measurements."
5. Gait Analysis in Children with Cerebral Palsy Using
Electrogoniometers - Cosgrove, A.; Graham, H.; Mollan, R.;
British Orthopaedic Research Society Meeting, 24 Sept 91 "To
date we have assessed 51 children with cerebral palsy, aged three
to seventeen years. The system consists of biaxial goniometers
which are attached to the skin with adhesive tape. The data is
stored in small portable datalogger which can record up to four
channels simultaneously. We have verified the accuracy of the
goniometers to be better than two degrees of arc and have
discovered no baseline drift. The results from this simple system
we have found to be as reliable as any in the literature."
6. The Use of Therapeutic Electrical Stimulation in the
treatment of Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy - Hazelwood, M.; Brown,
J.; Rowe, P.; Salter, P.; Developmental Medicine and Child
Neurology, 1994, 36, 661-673 "This study attempted to
evaluate the effect of electrical stimulation of the anterior
tibial muscles of children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy on the
gait pattern and the range of active and passive dorsiflexion of
the ankle. Twenty children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy within
the age range of five to twelve years were included in the study.
Electrogoniometry was used to measure passive knee flexion, knee
extension, dorsiflexion with the knee flexed, dorsiflexion with
the knee extended (wit the hindfoot held in neutral) and
plantarflexion. Electrogoniometry was used to record dorsiflexion
and plantarflexion of the ankle as the child walked. Foot switches
were placed under the sole and heel of the foot and simultaneously
recorded the pattern of contact of the foot with the floor so that
the temporal parameters of the gait cycle could be analyzed. The
use of electrogoniometers for gait analysis proved successful, and
could provide therapists and physicians with a relatively cheap
and versatile means of quantitatively monitoring gait pattern and
the effects of therapy."
7. Single Case Experiment to Investigate a Short Term
Stretching Programme for Ankle Equinus - Rome, K., BSc(Hons),
DPodM, MChS; Clark, A.,DPodM; JBritPodMed 1994, 49:2; 19-23 "The
aim of this study is to evaluate a short term stretching programme
for ankle equinus, using a high load, brief stretch tenique. The
single case study has demonstrated the flexible electrogoniometer
as a reliable instrument which is easy to use in the clinical
setting."
8. A Reliability Study of the Universal Goniometer, Fluid
Goniometer, and Electrogoniometer for the Measurement of Ankle
Dorsiflexion - Rome, K., M.Sc., B.Sc. (Hons), S.R.Ch.;
Cowieson, F., M.Phil., M.C.S.P., Cert.Ed.; Foot & Ankle
International, Vol 17, No. 1; January 1996, 28-32 "This study
investigated the reliability of three goniometers, the universal,
fluid, and electrogoniometers, in the measurement of ankle
dorsiflexion. Intra- and interobserver reliability were assessed
using 10 healthy volunteers and five observers. The results
demonstrate that when using a highly standardized procedure, the
flexible electrogoniometer (SD2.1-4.0) and the fluid goniometer (SD
2.8-4.3) were within an accepted criterion for reliability,
suggesting good intra device reliability."
9. Reliability of Hindfoot Goniometry when Using a Flexible
Electrogoniometer - Ball, P., BA; Johnso, G., PhD, CEng,
FIMechE; Clinical Biomechanics 1993; 8: 13-19 "The clinical
assessment of subtalar motion forms an essential part of the
examination of the pathological foot. Furthermore, the
establishment of the subtalar neutral position is required for the
production of many foot orthoses. This paper describes the use of
an electrogoniometer for making the relevant measurements and
examines the important aspects of the clinical procedure. These
results combined with the ease of use and the lack of need for
alignment make this goniometer ideal for measurement of the
hindfoot."
10. Dynamic Analysis of Wrist Circumduction: a New
Application of the Biaxial Flexible Electrogoniometer - Ojima,
H., MD; Miyake, S., PhD; Kumashiro, M., PhD; Togami, H., Meng;
Suzuki, K., MD; Clinical Biomechanics 1991; 6: no 4; 221-229
"This paper shows the reliability and validity of biaxial
electrogoniometric analysis in the quantification of wrist
circumduction. The reliability tests demonstrated sufficient
accuracy of the device. Also, validity of the measurement was
recognized because the tests simulating wrist circumduction and
cineradiography revealed that it could accurately detect the angle
between the long axis of the forearm and the third metacarpal bone."
11. Disorders of the Neck and Upper Limbs in Women in the
Fish Processing Industry - Ohlsson, K.; Hansson, G.; Balough,
I.; Stromberg, U.; Palsson, B.; Norander, C.; Rylander, L.;
Skerfving, S.; Occupational and Enviornmental Medicine 1994, 51:
826-832 "Wrist angles of the dominant hand were measured for
32 randomly selected women during a total of 40 representative 20
minute work periods. A two axis electrogoniometer and a Datalogger
were used for recording the flexion and extension, and the
deviation angles of the wrist. The angular distributions, the
angular velocity distributions, and the power spectra, were
calculated to characterize the wrist movements during work."
12. Quantifying work load in Neck, Shoulders and wrists in
Female Dentists - Akesson, I.; Hansson, G.; Balough, I.;
Moritz, U.; Skerfving, S.; Int Arch Occup Environ Health (1997)
69:461-474 "Twelve right-handed female dentists (six with and
six without a history of definite neck/shoulder disorders,
pair-wise matched for age) were studied when performing authentic
dental work. There were large differences between the right and
left hands, regarding both wrist angles and dynamic parameters. We
found extremely dorsiflexed positions of the dominant hand, as
well as a combination of extreme palmer flexion and ulnar
deviation in the non dominant one. This may be of pathological
importance."
13. A New Technique for the Assessment of Wrist Movement
Using a Biaxial Flexible Electrogoniometer - Rawes, M.;
Richardson, J.; Dias, J.; Journal of Hand Surgery (British and
European Volume, 1996) 21B: 5: 600-603 "A new
electrogoniometer tenique is described for the measurement of
wrist movements, including circumduction, with the results being
displayed as figures. Clinical validation has been performed and
the system found to be highly accurate and reliable. It is
suggested this tenique should in the future be used to assess
wrist movement in clinical and research applications."
14. Position of the Wrist Associated with the lowest Carpal
Tunnel Pressure: Implications for Splint Design - Weiss, N.,
MD; Gordon, L., MD; Bloom, T.; So, Y., MD; Rempel, D., MD; Journal
of Bone and Joint Surgery, Vol 77-A, No. 11, November 1995;
1695-1699 "To determine the position of the wrist that
results in the lowest carpal tunnel pressure, twenty control
subjects and four patients who had carpal tunnel syndrome were
evaluated with use of a new, dynamic method that continuously
measures carpal tunnel pressure throughout the range of motion of
the wrist. A two-axis electrogoniometer...was used to measure
continuously the flexion or extension angle as well as the radial
or ulnar deviation of the wrist."
15. Evaluation of Potential Interventions at a Fridge
Assembly Work Place - McRobbie, H.; Wells, R.; Proceedings of
the 28th Annual Conference of the Human Factors Association of
Canada; 1996, 97-1002 "This study examined the effects of
using an overhead tool balancer and job rotation during appliance
manufacturing. Muscular activity was quantified using EMG of the
forearm flexors, forearm extensors, and trapezius, and wrist
posture was quantified using wrist goniometers."
16. Goniometer Measurement and Computer Analysis of Wrist
Angles and Movements Applied to Occupational Repetitive Work -
Hansson, G.; Balogh, I.; Ohlsson, K.; Rylander, L.; Skerfving, S.;
Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol 6, No. 1, 1996;
23-35 "The method was applied in field studies of fish
processing industry workers with highly repetitive work and risk
of CTD. A biaxial flexible electrogoniometer and datalogger were
used for recording of flexion and deviation angles of the wrist of
the dominant hand. In order to evaluate this fraction [forearm
rotation transferred to the goniometer], a torsiometer, sensitive
only to rotation and not influenced by flexion or deviation, was
attached to the wrist. Our method gave objective and quantitative
information concerning both static and dynamic aspects of workload
on the wrist. It is time efficient due to the automated analysis
and well suited for field measurements in epidemiological studies."
17. Development of an Electrogoniometer Calibration
Procedure for Measurement of Wrist Angle and Forearm Rotation
- Spielholz, P.; Advances in Occupational Ergonomics and Safety,
1998; 499-502 "A jig was constructed for this study that
allowed direct measurement of flexion/extension, radial/ulnar
deviation, and forearm supination/pronation. These results show
that the electrotorsiometer may give accurate results and could be
used with an electrogoniometer to produce more accurate
measurements than previously reported for the full range of wrist/arm
motion."
18. Choice and Measurement of Angular Variables for
Biomechanical 3D Analysis and Simulation, Discussion of Results
Collected by a Commercial System - Casolo, F.; Legnani, G.;
Paper presented at First World Congress of Biomechanics, San
Diego, 1990; Published by Instituto Degli Azionmenti Meccanici,
Politecnico di Milano, 1990 "This paper deals with the
experimental measure and the theoretical representation of the
angular position of a rigid body in the 3-D space. The main
features are summarized and compared with the parameters measured
by a rather new electro-goniometer. The model proved to be enough
accurate to be used in many standard situations; its accuracy was
confirmed by experimental tests."
19. Clinical Methods of Goniometry: a Comparative Study
-Goodwin, J.; Clark, C.; Deakes, J.; Burdon, D.; Lawrence, C.;
Disability and Rehabilitation, 1992; Vol 14, No.1; 10-15 "This
investigation compared the reliability and interchangeable use of
three currently available goniometers - a universal goniometer, a
fluid goniometer, and a electrogoniometer. Three consecutive
readings of the active range of movement of the right elbow joint
were taken from each of 23 healthy female volunteers; three
experienced observers each used each type of goniometer on two
occasions. Significant intertester differences were found to exist
for both the universal and fluid goniometers. However, no
significant differences were found between any of the testers with
respect to the electrogoniometer. It therefore appears reasonable
to suggest that, with respect to reducing intertester differences,
the electrogoniometer is preferable."
20. Measurement of Joint Motion - Nicol, A., PhD;
Clinical Rehabilitation 1989; 3: 1-9 "A more compact
instrument has been developed, where a flexible steel strip has
been strain gauged and the output of angle is independent of the
shape of the strip within the plane of measurement. The device is
very lightweight and the electrogoniometers can be worn beneath
clothing, so the subject can move without inhibition. ...Tests
using angular motion of the hip and knee joints...assessment of
gait ...gait of amputees and patients cerebral palsy...assessing
the postoperative performance of arthritic patients receiving the
Souter-Strathclyde elbow prosthesis. It can be seen that
electrogoniometers can provide information otherwise not available
in a clinical environment."
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